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Jicarilla language
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Everything about Jicarilla Language totally explainedJicarilla (called Abáachi mizaa in Jicarilla) is an Eastern Southern Athabaskan language spoken by the Jicarilla Apache.
SoundsConsonants
Jicarilla has 34 consonants:
| | Bilabial |
Alveolar |
Palatal |
Velar |
Glottal |
| |
central |
lateral |
|
plain |
labial |
|
| Stop |
voiced |
|
d |
|
|
|
|
|
| unaspirated |
p |
t |
|
|
k |
kʷ |
ʔ |
| aspirated |
|
tʰ |
|
|
kʰ |
kʷʰ |
|
| ejective |
|
t’ |
|
|
k’ |
|
|
| Affricate |
unaspirated |
|
ʦ |
tɬ |
ʧ |
|
|
|
| aspirated |
|
ʦʰ |
tɬʰ |
ʧʰ |
|
|
|
| ejective |
|
ʦ’ |
tɬ’ |
ʧ’ |
|
|
|
| Nasal |
|
m |
n |
|
|
|
|
|
| Fricative |
voiceless |
|
s |
ɬ |
ʃ |
x |
xʷ |
h |
| voiced |
|
z |
|
ʒ |
ɣ |
ɣʷ |
|
| Approximant |
|
|
|
l |
j |
|
|
|
- What has developed into /d/ in Jicarilla corresponds to /n/ and /ⁿd/ in other Southern Athabaskan languages (for example Navajo and Chiricahua).
Vowels
Jicarilla has 16 vowels:
All vowels may be
oral or nasal
short or long
The long high front oral vowel is phonetically higher than its nasal and short counterparts ([iː] vs. [ɪ,ɪ̃, ɪ̃ː]). The short back vowel is higher than its long and nasal counterparts ([ʊ] vs. [oː,õ, õː]). The short low vowel is higher than its long and nasal counterparts ([ə] vs. [aː,ã, ãː]).
Nasal vowels are indicated by underlining in the Jicarilla orthography.
Tone
Jicarilla has three different tones:
high
low
falling
High tone is indicated with an acute accent. Low tone is unmarked. Falling tone is indicated by a sequence of acute-accented vowel and an unmarked vowel.
high tone: tsé 'rock', dééh 'tea'
low tone: ts’e 'sagebush', jee 'pitch'
falling tone: zháal 'money', ha’dáonáa 'how?'
GrammarExample text
Below is a (partial) text from Wilson & Martine (1996: 125-126).
Abáchii miizaa:
Shíí Rita shíízhii. Lósii’yé shii’deeshchíí shíí á’ee néésai. Shiika’éé na’iizii’íí nahiikéyaa’íí miiná’iisdzo’íí éí yaa shishíí. Shii’máá éí gé koghá’yé sidá nahaa daashishíí. Shiidádéé naakii. Dáłaa’é éí édii. Dáłaa’é éí dá aada’é miigha. Shiishdázha dáłánéé. Ałtso nada’iizii. Łe’ dá á’ee Lósii’ee daamigha. Isgwéela’yé naséyá, éí Lósii’ee naséyá dá áństs’íísédá. Łe’gó Santa Fe’yé dáłaa’é hai shee goslíí á’ee. Łe’gó Ináaso’yé éí kái’ii hai shee goslíí....
English translation:
My name is Rita. I was born and grew up in Dulce. My father worked to take care of our land. My mother stayed home and took care of all of us. I'd two sisters. One of them is deceased. The other lives far from here. I've many younger sisters. They all work. Some of them live in Dulce. When I was a youngster, I went to school in Dulce. Then I lived for a year in Santa Fe. Later I lived three years in Ignacio....
Interlinear text:Bibliography
See 'Bibliography' under 'Jicarilla Apache'.
Further Information
Get more info on 'Jicarilla Language'.
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